■According to modern theoretical physics, matter is both a wave and a particle.
The two are connected by the following relationship: Matter wave, which
is the ultimate form of matter,is not wave that depend on the motion of
other matter, such as water waves or sound waves, but is the representation
of temporal change in probability that is observed( perceived, recognized,
measured) as a particle (a mass of energy) at each point in space. In that
sense, matter waves are conceptual.
■The probability that matter is observed as a particle is proportional to
the square of the amplitude of the matter wave at each point in space and
time. The energy possessed by the particles that can be found is equal
to the minimum unit of energy called Planck's constant (6.63 x 10-27 ergs/second)
multiplied by the frequency of the wave in one second. From this, we understand
that matter does not definitely exist in a certain place at a certain time.
Matter exists as a possibility that it will be recognized in a certain
place with a certain probability (and as a possibility that it will not
be recognized with a certain probability).
■However, people would argue as follows. Let's admit that we cannot recognize
matter with 100% probability. But this is not caused by the nature of matter
itself, this is caused by the limitations of the human ability to recognize
matter. Matter itself is present definitely, but, for recognition of human
ability is poor, we can’t be recognized only in the range of some error.
■This expectation is broken by the Uncertainty Principle. From the Wave
Function that determines the state of matter wave, when matter is found
at a certain time and in a certain place with a probability of 100%, the
matter wave becomes composite wave made by superimposing unit waves. The
possible energy values of the particles found there are Planck's constant
multiplied by the frequency of each unit wave, or in other words, all of
an infinite number of different values. In other words, the energy value
of a material particle is completely uncertain (infinite number of different
values are possible).
■Conversely, a perfect unit wave whose frequency (energy value) is 100%
certain will spread out as a spherical wave, with perfectly equal amplitude
(and therefore perfectly equal probability) everywhere in the space it
occupies. In other words, the position of the material particles is completely
uncertain. Therefore, uncertainty is the essence of the nature of the existence
of matter, and does not indicate a limit to the accuracy of recognition.
■In this way, material particle cannot have a definite position and energy
(momentum) at the same time, so it is not possible to determine the inevitable
locus of motion of the same object as in Newtonian mechanics. In other
words, the fact that a certain probability value is found among the many
different positions and momentums that material particle can take does
not necessarily mean that something predetermined by the law of necessity
has appeared (realization of potential).
■This is also clear from the statistical nature of the field of material
particle (elementary particle field). Considering their statistical nature,
elementary particle instantaneously come into existence and disappear in
the process of temporal changes in each field (the physical state of each
point in space). It is impossible to understand that an elementary particle
existing in a certain field at a certain moment leaves that field at the
next moment and moves to another adjacent field
■In other words, the same kind of elementary particles that exist in the
adjacent field at the next moment cannot be the same elementary particle
as the elementary particle that existed in the field before the previous
moment. This is because if they are understood to be the same elementary
particle, the statistical laws that elementary particle fields are supposed
to follow will differ from the statistical laws of elementary particle
fields that are constructed to match actual observations and measurements.
■However, just like in the case of chess, this may just be a chance manifestation
of changes in physical quantities over time that unfold according to predetermined
laws of necessity? Is this not the realization of possibility (creation
of new possibility) through purposive selection based on the internal necessity
of free will, as derived from “The Theory of Self-Transcendence?”
■Therefore, as long as the possibility is not realized (actual observation
of one of the various physical quantities found with certain probability),
the field state based on the wave function will be statistically changes
according to the law of necessity.
■However, once a possibility is realized (one of the various possible quantities
defined by the wave function is measured as a definite quantity), at that
moment, the wave function completely expires. And at that moment, a new
wave function appears in its place that did not exist at all before, and
from then on governs the possible states of matter.
■Out of various possibilities (=matter), we realize one possibility through
observation and measurement and recognize it as a definite quantity. This
activity of ours simultaneously destroys the state before the realization
of these possibilities (=matter) and establishes new possibilities (new
material conditions) that did not exist before. Our activities are creative,
and this is “Self-Transcendence.”
■In the case of chess, once the rules are determined, potentially every
possible chess sequence is determined. The actual match is nothing more
than the act of selecting one of these potential procedures and manifesting
it. Therefore, in the case of chess, you do not change anything that existed
before, and you do not create anything that did not exist before. The human
activity of recognizing objects is completely different from this.
■”The Theory of Self-Transcendence” is the idea as follows: We establish
a new world by overcoming the world (=material universe), and we repeatedly
establish a new world by overcoming the established world again. The Theory
is completely consistent with the relationship between matter and observation
and measurement that modern theoretical physics has clarified.
■First, matter wave, which reveals the fundamental form of matter, is a
kind of conceptual existence that represents temporal changes in various
possibilities of recognition.
■Next, the consciousness(=free will), which is the realization of a specific
possibility among the various recognition possibilities, is not mediated
by any material interaction, and therefore, changes the state of matter
wave instantaneously and without time.
■The above facts directly contradict the conventional wisdom of physics,
which makes a sharp distinction between the existence of matter and the
perception of matter, and assumes that matter exists independently, apart
from the perception of matter.
■Therefore, the above facts were considered strange and doubted even by
Einstein, de Broglie, and Schrödinger, who were the founders of the material
wave concept and wave mechanics.
■Their first question is that since matter waves directly interfere with
each other in material space, they are indeed matter, and are not conceptual
entities. Schrödinger’s famous cat paradox was an expression of that question.
■However, because we assume that “matter exists in only one definite state,”
matter waves appear to be conceptual existences. Let's escape from the
captivity of such common sense and interpret it as the facts show, “possibility
itself is matter.” This is because matter waves, which are temporal changes
in possibility, directly interact (interference) in the material world.
Understood in this way, matter waves become a very real entity, and are
no longer conceptual.
■Also, more than this, what they particularly doubted about its truth was
the fact that changes in matter wave caused by observation and measurement
occur instantaneously and without time. Common sense predicts that this
change is caused by the interaction between matter wave and the equipment
that observes and measures them.
■However, the change cannot occur instantaneously or timelessly. This is
because, as the special theory of relativity teaches, interactions between
matter cannot propagate faster than the speed of light, and must take place
non-instantaneously over a certain amount of time.
■There is another disadvantage to common sense theory: According to the
Schrödinger equation, changes in the wave function itself due to measurement
occur exactly instantaneously and without time.
■Therefore, this change is not caused by the interaction of the matter
wave with the measuring device. In order to explain the uncertainty principle,
Heisenberg initially used a model in which electrons were illuminated with
light and their positions measured and observed using an optical microscope.
However, this is a lie. Such pseudo-explanations only served to obscure
the revolutionary changes in quantum mechanics.
■At the same time, it is certain that this change occurs through observation
and measurement. From the above, observations and measurements that change
the matter waves are not effects of the measuring device on the matter
waves. Observation and measurement must be understood to mean the action
of consciousness, psychological action, and cognitive action of ``measuring''
using the measuring device.
■Von Neumann was the first to point out this point. His commentators London
and Bauer explain: Therefore, in a measurement, it is not some mysterious
interaction between the measuring device and the object that gives rise
to a new Ψ (wave function) of the system. It is only the self-consciousness
that departs from the old function Ψ, assigns a new wave function to the
object, and creates a new objectivity through its observation.
■Schrödinger quipped after reading this : “The theory of ψ (psi) wave has
become psychology.” De Broglie also expressed his feelings of repulsion
as follows: “This ‘self’, distinct from the wave function, appears even
more mysterious than any possible interaction between object and measuring
device.”
■However, no matter how it appears subjectively, if it is objective fact
that change in matter wave occur simultaneously with measurement, then
there is no other way than Neumann’s interpretation.
■De Broglie worked hard to construct a theory that could explain the timeless contraction of matter waves not as an action of consciousness, but as an interaction between matter waves (elementary particles) and measuring devices. He argued as follows: Matter wave is accompanied by another matter wave (the entity of an elementary particle) that gives a large amplitude, and the phenomenon in which a matter particle is definitively recognized by measurement is interacts with this matter wave and the measuring device.
■However, that effort, along with similar efforts by Bohm et al., have
provided a useful impetus for several other studies, but have not been
successful to date.
■This fact itself proves the correctness of Neumann's interpretation. And,Neumann's interpretation can overcome de Broglie's criticism that it is mystical only by linking to “The Theory of Self-Transcendence.”
☞Structure of Reality: The Theory of Transcendence of Universe